Lesson 2.7: Know your camera: ISO

ISO: In very basic terms, ISO is the level of sensitivity of your camera to available light. The lower the ISO number, the less sensitive it is to the light, while a higher ISO number increases the sensitivity of your camera. The component within your camera that can change sensitivity is called “image sensor” or simply “sensor”. It is the most important (and most expensive) part of a camera and it is responsible for gathering light and transforming it into an image. With increased sensitivity, your camera sensor can capture images in low-light environments without having to use a flash. But higher sensitivity comes at an expense – it adds grain or “noise” to the pictures.

Take a look at the following picture:

The difference is clear – the image on the right hand side at ISO 3200 has a lot more noise in it, than the one on the left at ISO 200.

Every camera has something called "Base ISO", which is typically the lowest ISO number of the sensor that can produce the highest image quality, without adding noise to the picture. On most of the DSLRs the base ISO is typically 200, while most Canon digital cameras have the base ISO of 100. So, optimally, you should always try to stick to the base ISO to get the highest image quality. However, it is not always possible to do so, especially when working in low-light conditions.

Typically, ISO numbers start from 100-200 (Base ISO) and increment in value in geometric progression (power of two). So, the ISO sequence is: 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400 and etc. The important thing to understand, is that each step between the numbers effectively doubles the sensitivity of the sensor. So, ISO 200 is twice more sensitive than ISO 100, while ISO 400 is twice more sensitive than ISO 200. This makes ISO 400 four times more sensitive to light than ISO 100, and ISO 1600 sixteen times more sensitive to light than ISO 100, so on and so forth. What does it mean when a sensor is sixteen times more sensitive to light? It means that it needs sixteen times less time to capture an image!

ISO Speed Example:
ISO 100 – 1 second
ISO 200 – 1/2 of a second
ISO 400 – 1/4 of a second
ISO 800 – 1/8 of a second
ISO 1600 – 1/16 of a second
ISO 3200 – 1/32 of a second

In the above ISO Speed Example, if your camera sensor needed exactly 1 second to capture a scene at ISO 100, simply by switching to ISO 800, you can capture the same scene at 1/8th of a second or at 125 milliseconds! That can mean a world of difference in photography, since it can help to freeze motion.

Take a look at this picture:

I captured these girls at 1/60th of a second at ISO 3200. My camera sensor only needed 1/60th of a second to fully capture this photograph. Now what would have happened if I had ISO 100 on my camera instead? My sensor would have needed 32 times more time to capture the same scene, which is around 30 second. At that speed, I would have introduced motion blur into my picture, because they were moving faster than that. In short, I would have ruined the picture.

Low ISO: As I’ve said above, you should always try to stick to the lowest ISO (base ISO) of your camera, which is typically ISO 100 or 200, whenever possible. When there is plenty of light, you should always use the lowest ISO, to retain the most detail and to have the highest image quality. There are some cases where you might want to use low ISO in dim or dark environments – for example, if you have your camera mounted on a tripod or sitting on a flat surface. In that case, bear in mind that your camera will most likely need more time to capture the scene and anything that is moving is probably going to look like a ghost.

High ISO: You should increase the ISO when there is not enough light for the camera to be able to quickly capture an image. Anytime while shooting indoors without a flash, I set my ISO to a higher number to be able to freeze motion. Other cases where you might want to increase ISO are when you need to get ultra-fast shots, like the ladies' picture I posted above. But before increasing the ISO, you should think if it is OK for you to introduce noise to the image.

On many of the newer DSLRs, there is a setting for “Auto ISO”, which works great in low-light environments. The beauty of this setting, is that you can set the maximum ISO to a certain number, so when the ISO is automatically increased based on the amount of light, it does not cross the set barrier. So, if I want to limit the amount of grain in my pictures, I typically set the maximum ISO to 800.

Lesson 2.6: Know your camera: Shutter speed

Shutter is the curtain that protects the sensor/film from direct light, unless the shutter button is pressed for taking photo. Once the shutter button is pressed it lifts up and  closes down within a period of time collecting an amount of light to produce a photo. That time, while the shutter opens, the sensor/film is bare till the closing is called shutter speed. This shutter speed is responsible for freezing the moment or blurring motion. 

Shutter Speed: Shutter speed, also known as “exposure time”, stands for the length of time a camera shutter is open to expose light into the camera sensor. If the shutter speed is fast, it can help to freeze action completely. If the shutter speed is slow, it can create an effect called “motion blur”, where moving objects appear blurred along the direction of the motion. This effect is used quite a bit in advertisements of cars and motorbikes, where a sense of speed and motion is communicated to the viewer by intentionally blurring the moving wheels.

Slow shutter speeds are also used to photograph lightnings or other objects at night or in dim environments with a tripod. Landscape photographers intentionally use slow shutter speeds to create a sense of motion on rivers and waterfalls, while keeping everything else in focus.

Motion can also be frozen to an extent with a camera flash, even at low shutter speeds. Take a look at this:

It was getting dark and even after increasing the sensor sensitivity to ISO 100, the camera still needed at least 1/250th of a second to properly expose this bird. If I had shot the bird at that speed, the bird would have turned out to be blurry, since it moved faster than 1/250th of a second. So I increased the shutter speed and took the shot at 1/320th of a second. 

All of the above is achieved by simply controlling the shutter speed. In summary, high shutter speeds freeze action, while low shutter speeds create an effect of motion.

Measurement: Shutter speeds are typically measured in fractions of a second, when they are under a second. For example 1/4 means a quarter of a second, while 1/250 means one two-hundred-and-fiftieth of a second or four milliseconds. Most modern DSLRs can handle shutter speeds of up to 1/4000th of a second, while some can handle much higher speeds of 1/8000th of a second and faster. The longest shutter speed on most DSLRs is typically 30 seconds (without using external remote triggers).

Fast, Slow and Long shutter speeds: Fast shutter speed is typically whatever it takes to freeze action. For me, it is typically above 1/500th of a second for general photography and above 1/1000th of a second for bird photography.

Slow shutter speed is considered to be the slowest shutter speed that you can handle without introducing camera shake. Some of the newer Nikon and Canon lenses have special “vibration reduction (VR)/ Image stability (IS)” technologies within the lens that can handle shutter speeds of up to 1/10th of a second (depending on photographer’s technique), hand-held! Also Sony DSLR bodies are equipped with built in "Steady Shot (SS)" system that helps photographer take photos at reasonably slower shutter speeds without any blur.

How about long shutter speed? Long shutter speeds are typically above 1 second, when you have to use a tripod to get acceptably sharp images (for low-light/night photography or to capture movement).

Shutter speed on Camera: Do you know how to find out what your camera shutter speed is set to? It is typically very easy to find the shutter speed. On Nikon DSLRs that have a top panel, the shutter speed is typically located on the top left corner:

If you look through the viewfinder, it should also be the number on the bottom left side of the screen. On most DSLRs, you will not see the shutter speed as a fraction of a second – it will typically be a regular number. When the shutter speed is slower than or equals to one second, you will see something like 1″ or 5″ (the ” sign indicates a full second).

Continue to lesson 2.7

Travelers Diary: Eurotrip Day 3

I was rather excited about the Swiss tour. I wouldn't say though it was not that exciting, of course the whole tour I meant. As it was my second tour, I thought I'd able to reminisce, at least that was what, I've been showing off all the way. But upon reaching Lauterbrunnen, I found out, this might me the only place I missed in my last lour. We landed into the valley around four, and it was already late. Darkness draped over the little valley, a little sky was peeking at us through the clutters of mountains. Fountains streaming down from top of mountains made a rhythmic noise. And all the clean and tidy houses in distances made that crowded yet lonely dell even hollower. It was drizzling and shivering cold which felt like none other than a horrific scene sequence where a twisted killer was on a loose.

 Our camping site, Lauterbrunnen

Loads of backpack inching into my neck muscle, no sooner the room key reached my hands, we were on the search for our room, which was room number 29. 

Blocks of rooms

One block of Rooms

Our room

After a little refreshments, we are now back to our dining tent, with a feeling of camping. Surely rain has stopped by now as people came out their caravans, sitting around fire, with some drinks; just the way you normally see in movies. And we were still freezing. Food was served in a little Swiss way. A little 25ml bottle was given with a vodka cocktail poured in. Once you open the bottle, you stick the cap to your forehead, take the shot and let the cap stuck on your forehead. You win, if your cap stays stuck the longest! No one was even caring that being on a rush for food, apart from Paddy, he was the one who served all the foods, sticking that between his brows!

Due to heavy luggage, we left our sleeping bags back home. And now as the temperature has dropped bellow zero degree which was apparently -7  and with no room heating working, it was a slap on our intelligence and intellectuality. Now those wines in dinner and doubling our clothes seems like the options to pay for our wits! Hope we dont get hypothermia and be fit enough for tomorrow's prime excitement ... the Jungfrau! Already paid, £90 each, cant be missed.

Bonne nuit for now!

 

 Continue to Eurotrip Day 4

By Mehraj Anik COPYRIGHT © Mehraj Anik, 2010-11 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ALL PHOTOS ARE COPYRIGHTED BY THE PHOTOGRAPHER AND MAY NOT BE USED WITHOUT PERMISSION. NO PART OF THIS SITE MAY BE REPRODUCED, STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, PHOTOCOPYING, RECORDING OR OTHERWISE WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER.

Travelers Diary: Eurotrip Day 2

Woke up with Mitul bhaiya's taunts. Last night was fun, but really unwise because I was the joker. Drowned into self-pity, I was thinking what happened last night. It was nothing serious though, just kept on drinking till I got myself floored. No offense to anyone, but I bet the topics I have raised in that fun discussion was obnoxious. And now the headache was agitating me to my nerves. Mitul bhaiya (M) started hurrying as we were about to miss our breakfast. Quickly had a shower, dressed up and dashed towards dining area.

On top of the never ending headache, Michelle and Sam's face was nothing but a twinge of guilt. Apology was the best medicine and then some french croissant, yummy. Twitching my head, pulled my mind to somewhere productive; lets fix some plans for today. Although M told me all the plans last night, but today, we need a little recap. you know why!

Paris Metro Map (click to larger version)

Paris main tourist attraction (divided into districts)

We are at Porte de la Villette (district 9) and we will be dropped off at Louvre, which is close to Musée du Louvre (district 1). After Louvre we will be heading for some other attractions, but everything depends on how quickly we can finish Louvre. So lets just hop in the bus.

Louvre is huge and daedal 12th century construction, used a palace till 1682 when Lois XIV moved to Palace of Versailles and leaving Louvre Palace primarily for exhibition. And then, from 1793 the Louvre Palace started its journey as The Musée du Louvre. Although in the night it looked glorious, the morning look wasn't that dull with so much of crowd. The waiting period for the entry can be easily comparable to the boxing day sales queue, in Central London or possibly the queue for visa applications in Bangladesh. To beat that we have arrived pretty early and now entered through the glass pyramid which is apparently the main entrance and bought our tickets. Finally we are now at the middle of no where, walking around blithely, where to go to enter the museum.

 Queue at Louvre (collected)

Under the glass pyramid, at the entrance

Louvre (site link and wikipedia) is the biggest and one of the most visited museums in the world, having around 8.5 million visitors in 2009. I dont doubt that after all, seeing the way, it exhibits, serves people as we were rescued by the central information booth which was right next to us, by handing us an English map of Louvre.

Ground floor map

1st floor map

2nd floor map

Now we know we have 3 huge galleries, each gallery with 3 different floors. Snubbing the vastness of Louvre we started walking for the nearest gallery, Denon, where they have, La joconde, the Monalisa.

Archways, Louvre

 

Louvre painting gallery

Monalisa, Louvre

Monalisa was the most crowded exhibit one could ever be. Honestly, I dont like her, she does not look seductive, sexy nothing at all that would interest me in her. But yet, dashing towards her, was exciting, looking at her was a feeling like, meeting a long lost friend after a long wait. It was worthy. The museum pass is valid for 1 whole day, means, if you leave the museum, you can still come back inside once again before the museum closes the doors for the day. And I already long to come back to see her, before the day ends.

La Joconde (aka Monalisa)

As we have a plan to be in the Museum till lunch, we still have enough time to take a stroll around. So we just keep on walking. Back in my mind I have Da Vinci Code, just to see where Mary Magdalene's tomb would be although I doubt those incidents to be true. But at least, I can find out where the filming took place.

Louvre largest painting

"The Wedding Feast at Cana" by Paolo Veronese

Size: 32' x 22'

Fresco at Louvre

Venus de Milo

Another beautiful section apart from Sculpture and Paintings is Napoleon III's (Not to be confused with Napoléon Bonaparte who was Napoléon I) luxurious Apartment which I'd highly recommend and rate as five star.

Napoléon's Grand Salon

Napoléon's dining area

It is really not entirely possible to visit every exhibit and know the story behind, in just one day. There are different departments such as, Egypt, Rome, Greek Antiquates, Muslim Art, Painting, Sculpture, Decorative Arts, even Eastern Antiquates, you just name it, and visiting according to your taste and interest is the best way to enjoy Louvre. As long as you know where your desired exhibits are, it will be a lot easier to find your fun in Louvre. Also, a little browsing on internet to make your visit worthy, would be very wise.

Cour Puget, Musée du Louvre

Cour Marly, Musée du Louvre

Louvre cafeteria twitched us back to routine dimension from serenity, stomach was urging for food and the smell the lunch time preparation was not really being helpful. It was time to leave.

Local McDonalds, spent €12 for large meal, chomped everything in no time. And then headed for Notre-Dame which was just some blocks away in district 5, nearest station St-Michel Notre-Dame. 

 Notre Dame de Paris

Notre Dame de Paris (means Our Lady of Paris), also known as Notre Dame Cathedral is one of the famous cathdrals in Europe carrying the Cathedra of Archbishop of Paris. Being constructed in 14th century, Notre Dame carries evidences of lots of history, violence like French Revolution in 1790 is one of them, and still offering mass and prayer services as a living cathedral. Enter the cathedral to have a spiritual visit with holy background musics, performed live. Entry is free and so is the tower. Climbing up 387 steps towards the top of the tower should not be missed, as it gives you a unforgettable view of the city of lights.

Mass outside Notre-Dame

Inside Notre dame 1

Inside Notre Dame 2

Inside Notre Dame 3

We hit the french roads once again and this time, Arc de Triomph is our destination. M was already shattered, stoically keeping the pace with me. Possibly it was God who listened to M's prayer, rain started pouring down so heavily, it almost felt like a rainstorm. We tried to shed ourselves from the heavy rain, but still getting wet and watching the rain dancing along the wind like Samba. I so wished get myself wet in the rain, but obligations ... so many of them, at least when you have a fourteen days of plan ahead to stay out of home, on a tour. So headed back to B&B hotel.

Just a quick change and back to the station, Port de la Villette. Next stop Charles de Gaulle Étoile for the Arc de Triomph in District 17.

Arc de Triomphe is the most famous monument in Paris, built in the remembrance of those who died in French Revolution and Napoleonic wars. It is said that, after the French revolution in 1848 when Napoléon III came back to France he constructed this to welcome himself and his soldiers. Also there are tombs of unknown soldiers who died in World war I beneath the vault. Read more about Arc de Triomphe by clicking here.

Arc de Triomphe

We had an earlier plan of a picnic next to Eiffel Tower, which Lyndsey disclosed to us at the drop off point. As we have pretty much of time left, we can always take a stroll instead of metro. It wont be a much of walk though, we'll be walking through district 8, walk past Assemblée Nationale towards district 7 for Eiffel tower. We are little limping, however, hope it will be fine for a this little walk.

Streets in France

Arts on streets

River Seine

Street life, Paris 1

 Street life, Paris 2

Eiffel tower came into our view after several wrong turns and guidance, which was a lot to pay only for a gourmet picnic on time. Although the sight of Eiffel tower was once again triggering. Upon forgetting the spot where we needed to wait, we stood right underneath the tower, and trust me that is the most amazing feeling you could ever get if you wanted to be here for so long.

 

River Seine and Eiffel Tower

 

Eiffel Tower

 

Eiffel Tower close up

Writing a lecture about Eiffel Tower is surely a waste of time. Who doesn't know it? But certainly there are a lot little things, you may care to know or something, that will amaze you. Just log on to Eiffel tower official site to see its history, unknown facts, ticket prices and things you need know before visit. Also Wikipedia stores a lot informations which may interest you. But there is one thing you may find nowhere. Every year in average 4 people jump off or hang themselves from Eiffel Tower, making it one of the top most popular suicide spots. You'll find heavy duty clothes are hanging at the bottom of the tower, not to catch the suicide-rs, but to catch the dead bodies, so they do not make major disruption for travelers. Anyways, back here, we have finally found out our group, thanks to wonderful Greg, now its picnic time!

 

Lyndsey working hard to serve food while others just watching her struggling ...

... And as soon as the food was served ...

Last night at Paris. Heavy drinks are very much expected and the plan was so. We had an option to go for a tour on river Seine by a cruise, on-board drinks are free! Who could have been a man enough to avoid those free pints? No one but me! No more of terrorist chatting being drunk.  So a little walk by the river and then off to the roomy hotel's clumsy bed. Tomorrow's gonna be a long day. Its Switzerland, our next destination.

River Seine and Eiffel Tower at night

Pont Alexander III aka "The Kissing Bridge"

See you tomorrow, on board, on the way to Switzerland ...

Continue to Eurotrip Day 3

By Mehraj Anik COPYRIGHT © Mehraj Anik, 2010-11 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ALL PHOTOS ARE COPYRIGHTED BY THE PHOTOGRAPHER AND MAY NOT BE USED WITHOUT PERMISSION. NO PART OF THIS SITE MAY BE REPRODUCED, STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, PHOTOCOPYING, RECORDING OR OTHERWISE WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER.

Travelers Diary: Eurotrip Day 1

Another foggy winter morning of August. Cold bites were stinging into the muscles like thousands of hover fly bites.  Cigarette taste bitter for only spending an hour in night bed. You know, last minute bag packing, always horrible for a first timer. Yet we are rushing towards the station, we have a bus to catch leaving for France! Cant be missed.

Everyone was so unfamiliar, looking at people randomly. You feel you are alone. And another fag break, always helps. Spoke to my parents, received a lot many wishes and then heard the murmur in the waiting room of the Clink hostel. Yes it was the reception call from Topdeck.

Passport - checked, Visa - checked, money - checked, travel insurance, student documents - checked, wallet, phone, my camera bag - checked. My checked in travel partner sitting by the window, gives me a smile of relief. Got to be, if you find out you applied for Schengen visa in the wrong embassy, specially when your travel date is just a month ahead, for which you have paid a non refundable full payment. And yet you are on the trip, that smile can mean even a lot more than relives. I have to thank Italian embassy, for their kindness of seeing us and providing visa in almost no time. We made it this far, feels like dream. Finally, few minutes later, a melodious voice broke into my mind, "Hello and good morning everyone, welcome to European wonder 2010" It was our tour guide Lyndsey and we were our way to Dover.

After we all were checked at Dover by French Immigration control, we were free to board on the ferry and France was just across the English Channel. Tempting! Yet hunger was what came to our mind first. Yes we were starving to death. No sooner we received our tickets for the ferry, we jumped into the gathering place allocated for Topdeck travelers, left them to be watched by our fellow tourist friends and rushed into the dining area. It was almost a  shopping center inside with café, brand-shops, some bureau de change anything you just name it. But the problem was money. After all, being students we had only £200 per head to spend. Besides saving at that early stage felt like a nice idea for the excitements later. So we were happy just with some sandwiches and water. And later sight seeing. Only then I found out how enjoyable that gonna be if I were on a sea cruise. Water and only water, what fun that gonna be, I just wonder.

P&O Ferry 1

P&O Ferry 2

It has already been more than a hour, but Marco Polo and Columbus see no coast. Ferry is running late that's what we have been told. 'Tis going to take around two and half hour earliest possible to reach the shore. Our tourists friends look like they lost their appetite to make friends and some are already running on booze, which made us less interested to talk to. I do drink though! Mobile network is still on but too scared to pay bills on roaming, heard so many stories, can afford to tell one of them. Lets plan what we can get to see today.

Eurotrip plan

So we have only two nights and literally just a day visit Paris. Out of all the main tourist attractions, we have to find those ones, that match our interests. The Louvre and of course the Eiffel Tower. Thanks to Mitul bhaiya for bringing the lonely planet guide on my iPhone, its making the selection lot easier. Although he is one who is going to come up with all the plans. Mobile network has picked up the roaming signals quite earlier, that means we are in the French territory. Its just a matter of time we will land in Calais.

As we let go the other bus that dropped us at Dover now we have our permanent bus with a driver, Paddy an amazingly witty person, from Scotland living in France. Grabbed new seats after serving the rucksack into the coach's stomach, now another four hours journey from Calais to Paris. In Europe, drivers are not allowed to drive for nonstop three hours, so our Paddy will be taking a break for thirty minutes where suitable.  So we assume we'll be in Paris around four, PM! By the mean time we get a chance to introduce us to others playing a little fun game on board where you have to say about you and then tell two lies and three truths which others have to find out. I was playing introvert and tired but enjoyed others playing.

Around half past four, we finally reached our hotel, B&B Hotels (nearest station: Port de la Villette) Before boarding off the bus we selected our partners to stay with and in that order me and Mitul bhaiya is sharing a room with another travel mate, Alex, who is from China, studying in UK and traveling with his girlfriend. Upon rushing into the room, (it felt like heaven) Miul bhaiya went for shower, while I pulled out our clothing and toiletries. At 6 we had to meet at the reception for dinner. So hurry!

Restaurant's name was Orange N Bleue, but the meal was not so orangish neither blueish! It was semi-awesome. We tasted, snails which was special for the Topdeck group, cheese and onion soup, pastas and french breads. We were briefed what would be the plan for next day in Paris from the next hour, so we went back to our rooms, got ourselves well suited and climbed back down waiting for our Paddy. Its gonna be a tour by bus!

Our restaurant

Sebastian trying to try out Escargots

Mitul bhaiya examining ... :P

First stop is Basilique du Sacré-Coeur, a Roman Catholic Church and minor basilica, dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Construction completed in 1914. Mainly famous for the students nightlife and the hill-top construction that gives you sight of the whole city. There is one lift which charges to take you up the hill or else be dynamic, climb up 272 steps. Grab some gelatos if you want, these are quite fine to walk with.

Sacré-Coeur Basilica (collected)

Sacré-Coeur Basilica at night

French gelatos ... yummy (collected)

After having 40 minutes free time now we are back to our bus. Next stop, La Dame de far, The Iron Lady, the Eiffel Tower routing through the Arc de Triomphe, Musée du Louvre, Les Invalides, Notre-Dame de Paris, Moulin Rouge and finally the Eiffel Tower. Paddy went mad while crossing the Arc de Triopmhe, he started circling around the Triomphe at quite a high speed. First the whole bus accepted that as an accident and left lives on Gods hand minutes later when they finally found out, we all started shouting and that was the thing, helped all of us bonding.

Arc de Triomphe

Les Invalides 

Notre-Dame de Paris

Musée du Louvre

Moulin Rouge

As a young kid I read about Eiffel tower, back then it was one of the 7 wonders. I often dreamed about visiting this place and now at the last stop of our bus tour, when the tower is standing right next to me, I can hardly accept the truth. A cool wave ran though my spine, I feel numb, just staring at the tower. I dont know if it is the tower which is beautiful or its just my mind making it so seductive. Clearly it was made of some subtle mind.

 The Eiffel Tower

Ten minutes at the sight of Eiffel tower was nothing special. So we just took some photos, amazed ourselves by the view of the Eiffel tower. It was heavenly but now as we all are getting weary, shattered and whatever word you have in your vocubulary to mean us tired, was not expressive enough. So we headed back to the hotel. Lyndsey marked all the tourist spots on the maps upon reaching hotel and invited all of us for some friendly drink to the Orange N Bleue. Just a little refreshment and then I off to the restaurant.

Continue to Eurotrip Day 2

Mehraj Anik © 2010-11 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ALL PHOTOS ARE COPYRIGHTED BY THE PHOTOGRAPHER(s) AND MAY NOT BE USED WITHOUT PERMISSION. NO PART OF THIS BLOG MAY BE REPRODUCED, STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, PHOTOCOPYING, RECORDING OR OTHERWISE WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER.